I am working on an analysis assignment and using a transcendental phenomenological approach derived from the work of Moustakas (Sage, 1994). The first part of the assignment included bracketing. My friend the Cthulhu (micro Cthulhu made by "Squishable") offered to demonstrate his understanding of how some writers have explained 'bracketing.' One is as a process of identifying and partitioning out the researcher's prior knowledge on a subject and the other involves identification of prior knowledge but allows the integration of this information into the research process. My initial understanding of bracketing was the former (symbolized by Cthulhu trapped between the bookends) so I thought that I needed to spell out all of my preconceptions, prejudices, biases, opinions, thoughts, etc., etc. related to the research topic so that I could somehow extract those things from my work. However, as I read Linda Finlay's Phenomenology for Therapists: Researching the Lived World (Wiley, 2011), her description, based on her interpretation of Husserl, was of a less restrictive process. Since it is not possible to remove one's biases, the role of bracketing is instead to identify and acknowledge the preconceptions the researcher brings so that the researcher can remain aware of these things and how they may distort or color analysis. This makes a lot of sense when you consider that we approach any research question, and, in fact, much of our lives with an ever increasing number of beliefs. Most of us believe we are born and will die. We often believe in the laws of gravity. Many people even believe in the magical power of p < .05 !
At any rate, this makes the idea of being able to separate out all of this baggage simply by identifying it seem pretty silly. Instead, the bracketing process is described by Smith, Flowers, and Larkin (Sage, 2009), who again take their lead from the work of Husserl, as more circular - identification of preconceptions followed by analytic work, followed by reconsideration (and admission) of the preconceptions, so, as I understand it, the researcher remains aware of his/her biases, admits to these, watches for their unwanted impact on research, but realizes that it is not possible to remove them. I think that the Heidegger-ian phenomenologists may be a little more hard core about the notion of biases, but I will freely admit that I am 'biased' toward this Husserl-ian view. Squishables in various sizes are available at squishable.com
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AuthorI am Sheryl L. Chatfield, Ph.D, C.T.R.S. I am a member of the faculty in the College of Public Health at Kent State University. I also Co-coordinate the Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Research and I am a member of the Design Innovation Team at Kent State. Archives
February 2024
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